Objectives: Dental caries, or tooth decay, is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally. Despite advancements in oral hygiene practices and widespread fluoride use, these measures have proven less effective against occlusal caries compared to smooth-surface caries. Hydrophilic sealants and flowable composites are commonly employed as sealing materials to address this issue. This in-vitro study evaluates the comparative microhardness of hydrophilic sealants and flowable composites, with a focus on their potential clinical applications. Methods: Ten extracted molar samples were divided into two groups: Group I (Ultra-seal XT Hydro sealant) and Group II (Ivoclar Tetric n Flow composite). Each group was further subdivided into immediate and ageing subgroups. Mesiodistal sectioning of the teeth was performed and each tooth was sectioned into two halves using a low-speed diamond cutting blade. One-half was subjected to immediate microhardness testing, while the other underwent thermocycling to simulate ageing. A slot was created on the buccal surface, which was then etched, sealed and light-cured. Microhardness was measured using a Vickers hardness tester under a 200 g force for 20 seconds. Thermocycling involved immersion in a water bath at temperatures ranging from 5°C to 55°C for 15 seconds at each degree, followed by a 10-second dwell time, over 1500 cycles. Statistical analysis included the Mann-Whitney U test to compare groups and the Wilcoxon test to assess differences within groups. Results: The immediate mean microhardness for Group I (26±3.70) was higher than Group II (21.38±6.15), but the difference was statistically insignificant. Similarly, ageing microhardness values for Group I (27.62±5.61) were higher than Group II (24.12±6.92), with no statistically significant difference. Within-group analysis using the Wilcoxon test revealed no significant differences between immediate and ageing subgroups. Conclusion: While no statistically significant differences were observed, hydrophilic sealants demonstrated slightly higher microhardness values than flowable composites. These findings underscore the potential of hydrophilic sealants in clinical applications, though further in-vivo studies are needed to validate their long-term performance and practical relevance.

Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases pose life-threatening health conditions. The presence of depression and anxiety has been associated with increased rates of hospitalization and elevated mortality risks. This study aims to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress, along with their determinants, among cardiac patients in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all individuals seeking care at Prince Mohammed Bin Nasir Hospital, Jazan, from July 2023 to June 2024. The questionnaire, adapted from the literature, comprised sections addressing sociodemographic particulars, health-related information and the standardized Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). SPSS v 26 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 327 patients participated in our study, revealing a prevalence of 47%, 73% and 50% for depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Stressful life events (95% CI for depression: 1.0 to 6.7; 95% CI for anxiety: 0.68 to 6.6; 95% CI for stress: 4.3 to 11) and the presence of chronic diseases were significantly associated with higher risks of depression, anxiety and stress. Female gender (95% CI: -8.2 to -0.20, p value: 0.04) and smoking (95% CI: 0.91 to 7.1, p value: 0.011) were predictors of higher anxiety, while a sedentary lifestyle (95% CI: 0.09 to 5.5, P value: 0.043) was associated with an increased risk of depression. Social support was linked to a greater risk of stress (95% CI: 2.8 to 11, P value: 0.001). Effective control over heart diseases was associated with lower risks of depression, anxiety and stress. Conclusion: Our findings underscore an alarming prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among cardiovascular disease patients, with key predictors identified as stress, lifestyle, the presence of chronic diseases and social support. Thus, attention should be directed towards interventions that may enhance mental health in cardiac patients, ultimately improving their quality of life.

Objectives: Pit and fissure sealants provide a protective barrier against microbial infiltration and plaque accumulation, effectively reducing the risk of occlusal caries. However, microleakage remains a significant challenge, influencing sealant efficacy. This study evaluates and compares the penetration depth and microleakage of hydrophilic sealants and flowable composites under in vitro conditions. Methods: Twenty extracted third molars with deep pits and fissures were randomly divided into two groups. Acid etching was performed using 37% orthophosphoric acid, followed by the application of either a hydrophilic sealant or a flowable composite. Samples were immersed in 1% Methylene blue dye for 24 hours to assess microleakage. After sectioning, penetration depth was measured using a stereo-microscope. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software (Version 20.0, IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) with the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The hydrophilic sealant group exhibited significantly lower dye penetration and higher penetration depth percentages compared to the flowable composite group, indicating superior sealing properties and adaptability. Conclusion: Hydrophilic sealants demonstrated better performance in terms of reduced microleakage and enhanced penetration depth compared to flowable composites, making them a promising choice for fissure sealing, particularly in conditions with moisture challenges. Further studies are recommended to confirm these findings and assess long-term clinical performance..

Objectives: Skin cancer accounts for 2.2% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in Saudi Arabia, according to the Saudi Cancer Registry 2020. While studies indicate skin cancers primarily occur in the extremities, head, neck and mucosal regions, comprehensive data on prevalence, mortality, morbidity, treatment modalities and overall burden in Saudi Arabia are lacking. This scoping review aimed to analyze existing literature on skin cancer within the Saudi population, assess its prevalence and potential risk factors and identify knowledge gaps. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Science Direct databases, utilizing the Rayyan QCRI tool for data organization and synthesis. The review included 15 studies encompassing 2,596 patients, of whom 1,378 (56.2%) were male. Our analysis revealed basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and malignant melanoma as the most common types. BCC and SCC predominantly affected the head and neck, while melanoma more often impacted the extremities. Surgical intervention was the primary treatment approach. Key risk factors identified included occupational pesticide exposure, UV radiation susceptibility and genetic predisposition. This review highlights the need for a comprehensive nationwide screening program to evaluate the prevalence of skin-related issues in Saudi Arabia and address the identified knowledge gaps in skin cancer epidemiology and management.

Objectives: The Government of India and the Tamil Nadu state government have launched various welfare schemes to improve the living conditions of marginalized tribal communities, focusing on areas like healthcare, education, financial inclusion, livelihood support and social security. However, tribal gypsies in Tamil Nadu face significant challenges in accessing these services due to issues such as geographical isolation, limited awareness, language barriers and cultural differences. The aim of the present study is to assess and evaluate the knowledge, attitude and utility about government schemes among tribals in Tamil Nadu.  Methods: The study was conducted in a tribal pocket near Tindivanam,Tamil Nadu in June 2022. The sample size was calculated to be 550 and a pilot -validated questionnaire was used to collect the data. The results were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 version software. Results: In the study there were about 14.36% of the population who were not aware about the schemes,10.19% did not care about the schemes, 68.18% no one was there to guide them,7.27% officers were not accessible. Conclusion: Contrary to government claims, more than 90% of tribals in Tamil nadu lack about various tribal schemes in India.

Objectives: Irisin has emerged as a potential cardiovascular biomarker with protective effects. This study aimed to evaluate serum irisin levels and FNDC5 gene expression in obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery and to assess irisin's role as a cardiovascular biomarker in obesity and post-surgery. Method: Forty severely obese participants and 40 healthy, normal-weight controls were evaluated at baseline, 6 months and 12 months after surgery. Serum irisin was measured using ELISA and FNDC5 gene expression was assessed via Real-Time PCR. Various biochemical, anthropometric and clinical parameters were also measured. Results: Serum irisin levels decreased significantly from 10.45±2.49 ng/mL at baseline to 7.66±1.49 ng/mL at 12 months post-surgery (p = 0.000). FNDC5 gene expression also significantly declined (p = 0.000). Irisin levels were positively correlated with BMI and FNDC5 expression and inversely correlated with cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, CRP, MDA and hs-Tn. Higher irisin levels were associated with lower cholesterol, LDL, CRP and MDA levels. At 12 months, irisin was negatively correlated with cholesterol, ApoB/ApoA ratio and hs-Tn. Conclusion: Irisin may serve as a cardiovascular biomarker in obese individuals both before and after bariatric surgery. Elevated irisin levels are associated with obesity but decrease following surgery, correlating with inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk factors. These results suggest that higher irisin levels could be linked to a lower cardiovascular risk in obese patients.

Objectives: Tobacco use is a leading risk factor for oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions, particularly among low-income populations. Migrant construction workers represent a vulnerable group due to occupational stress, lack of healthcare access and socioeconomic challenges. This study examines the prevalence and patterns of tobacco-associated oral lesions in this demographic to inform targeted interventions and policy measures. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted among 1,671 migrant construction workers in Chennai using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Data on demographic details, tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) and oral lesions were collected through questionnaires and clinical examinations, adhering to WHO guidelines. Statistical analysis, including logistic regression, was performed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Among the participants, 84.8% used smokeless tobacco, while 15.2% were smokers. The prevalence of tobacco-associated oral lesions was 36.8%, with leukoplakia (8.6%) and oral submucous fibrosis (7.8%) being the most common. The buccal mucosa was the most affected site. Significant correlations were observed between tobacco use and lesion prevalence, with younger age groups (28–38 years) and males being the most affected. Conclusions: This study highlights the high prevalence of tobacco-associated oral lesions among migrant construction workers, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention programs. Recommendations include workplace-based tobacco cessation initiatives, regular oral health screenings and culturally sensitive awareness campaigns. Future studies should address long-term impacts, barriers to healthcare access and integration of findings into national oral health strategies.

Objectives: Saudi Arabia has the fourth highest incidence of diabetes mellitus in the world. It is important to ensure that the community has sufficient knowledge of this disease to enable further promotion of health interventions to control its prevalence. This study aims to analyze the knowledge of participants about cardiovascular risk factors, obesity and thyroid disorders in Diabetes patients. Methods: A survey was conducted. The data was collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study found that most participants recognized a significant relation between cardiovascular disease risk and diabetes, with statistically significant associations noted for factors such as age, city, education level, occupation and the presence of chronic diseases (p value <0.05). However, demographics like gender, nationality and marital status did not show significant relationships. Additionally, 61.8% acknowledged the link between thyroid dysfunction and obesity and a large majority (84.9%) were unaware of the relationship between thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: This study highlights a critical gap in knowledge regarding the interrelationships between cardiovascular risk factors, obesity and thyroid disorders among diabetes mellitus patients in Arar, Saudi Arabia. While participants demonstrated some awareness of the link between diabetes and cardiovascular diseases

Objectives: Tobacco use remains a leading cause of preventable diseases, adversely impacting numerous physiological processes, including vitamin metabolism. Vitamin B12 deficiency, essential for cellular function and DNA synthesis, is particularly concerning in smokers due to their exposure to harmful tobacco constituents. This research examines the association between smoking habits, nutritional health and salivary vitamin B12 levels, with an emphasis on the broader public health implications of smoking-induced nutritional deficiencies. Method: This cross-sectional study involved 240 participants, equally divided into 120 smokers and 120 non-smokers. Salivary samples were collected under standardized conditions and vitamin B12 concentrations were measured using the ELISA technique. A 24-hour dietary recall assessed nutritional adequacy, categorized into four levels: excellent, adequate, barely adequate and not adequate. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test to compare vitamin B12 levels and chi-square tests to evaluate the relationship between smoking and dietary adequacy. Results: Smokers exhibited significantly lower salivary vitamin B12 levels compared to non-smokers, with mean ranks of 107.27 and 133.73, respectively (Mann-Whitney U = 8787.5, p = 0.003). Nutritional scores highlighted that smokers had poorer dietary quality, with a higher prevalence of inadequate diets. A significant association between smoking and nutritional adequacy was identified (chi-square value = 12.790, p = 0.005). These findings suggest smoking negatively impacts both vitamin B12 levels and dietary habits. Conclusion: This study highlights that smokers experience significantly lower salivary vitamin B12 levels and poorer dietary adequacy compared to non-smokers. The findings emphasize the need for targeted nutritional interventions, dietary education and public health strategies tailored to mitigate smoking-induced nutritional deficiencies. Future research should explore the interaction between smoking, other micronutrients and the potential benefits of dietary supplementation for smokers..

Objectives: The review of national and international literature, indicates that upto 75% of college students face intermittent sleep disturbances, and 15% report persistent declines in sleep quality. This study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of insomnia among college students and identify the factors that influence insomnia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in institutions affiliated with the Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, involving 1,222 students aged between 18 to 25 years, from December 2022 to April 2023. Participant information was acquired using a standardised proforma. Demographic details and anthropometric measurements were meticulously recorded during data collection. The data collection involved administering a questionnaire to gather pertinent information from study participants. Results: The study population included 580 (47.5%) females and 642 (52.5%) males, distributed across academic years, as follows: 476 (39%) in the second year, 324 (26.5%) in the third year, 240 (19.6%) in the fourth year, 172 (14.1%) in the first year, and 10 (0.8%) in the fifth year. Body Mass Index classifications were 12.9% underweight, 50.1% normal weight, 23.9% overweight, and 13.1% obese. The Global PSOI Score analysis revealed a significant negative correlation with age (ρ = -0.098, p=0.001). Noteworthy patterns were observed across demographic categories, with significant variations according to sex, academic year, BMI, and type of residence. Conclusion: This study provides crucial insights into the complex relationship between demographic factors and perceived stress as sleep disturbances among college students, emphasising the need for tailored interventions to mitigate stressors and enhance well-being in this population.

Background: Even though oral health is highly valued in Tamil Nadu, tribal nomads have a difficult time getting access to quality dental treatment. Disparities in access to oral health care are made worse by a lack of adequate healthcare infrastructure, which includes a dearth of dental offices and qualified personnel in remote and nomadic locations. Despite their rich cultural heritage, nomadic communities often face marginalization and socioeconomic challenges, which can impact their access to healthcare services, including oral healthcare. Understanding the oral health beliefs, traditional practices and overall oral health status of these nomadic groups is therefore crucial for designing effective healthcare interventions tailored to their specific needs. Therefore the aim of the current study was to understand their cultural practices and their association with oral health status. Aim: To evaluate and oral health status and their knowledge, perceptions and practice of oral health among tribal gypsies in Jawadhu Hills of Tamilnadu. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among nomadic populations residing in Tamil Nadu. Data collection employed a prevalidated questionnaire covering socio-demographic details and 10 questions on oral health perceptions, attitudes, beliefs and practices. Oral health status data were gathered using the WHO proforma 2013 and oral examinations (ADA Type III) were conducted by a single trained examiner with good intra-examiner reproducibility (kappa value of 0.8) after training and calibration. Version 26 of IBM SPSS (software statistical package for social sciences) was used to conduct the statistical analysis. There was use of descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages. In order to identify significant differences at p<0.05, the Chi-Square test was used. Result: The consolidated data from the study reflects that the most commonly observed dental condition was dental erosion (19.41%), followed by dental trauma (7.89%).A highly significant association was found between enduring pain as a perceived weakness and avoiding dentists due to dignity, with a p-value <0.001. 82.38% of participants self-treated themselves, with 59.04% believing home remedies were better than treatments offered by dentists; the association between these two was highly significant (p<0.01). The oral health practices of the Indian tribal population are diverse and often influenced by traditional methods and beliefs. The tribes have poor periodontal health status due to their isolation, awareness and less accessibility to dental resources. There is a need to improve the level of education and knowledge related to oral health among the tribal population for overall improvement of oral health-related quality of life.

Objectives: Consanguineous marriages, defined as unions between individuals who are related by blood, are a significant cultural practice in India, particularly in certain regions and communities. Aim: The study aims to assess the Practice and attitude regarding the effects of consanguineous marriage in selected community areas. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study will be conducted in rural area of Tamil Nadu, which has been selected. A selected rural area and young adults, aged 18 to 30 years will be used as the study population. For this study the sample size is 140. The participants are selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Result: The result of the study showed that in the aspect of knowledge, 71.43% were aware of consanguineous marriage, while 64.29% acknowledged that knowledge of genetic risks of consanguineous marriage. In practice 57.14 percent in the family were consanguineous and at the same time only 21.43 percent were getting genetic risk consultations. Significant associations between marital status and consanguineous marriage history with knowledge. Conclusion: The study concluded that the study concluded that the complicated relationship among consanguinity, knowledge, practice and socio-cultural factors in consanguineous marriages in India. Developing culturally sensitive health education programs is critical to decrease health risk while respecting cultural traditions.

Objectives: Mental health status profoundly influences an individual's core being, affecting thought processes, perceptions and consciousness. Increased cortisol secretion under stressful situations can impair brain function and overall health. Smoking, often perceived as a coping mechanism for stress, may exacerbate stress and mental health deterioration. Aim: This study aims to assess and compare cortisol levels in smokers and non-smokers and investigate the association between elevated cortisol levels and mental health status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 320 participants, comprising 160 smokers and 160 non-smokers. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure cortisol levels. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered to evaluate participants' mental health status. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the relationships between smoking, cortisol levels and mental health outcomes. Results: Smokers exhibited significantly higher cortisol levels (59.88±30.84 ng/ml) compared to non-smokers (47.09±19.57 ng/ml). A drowsy mental health status was observed in 24.69% (79) of smokers and 6.56% (21) of non-smokers. Elevated cortisol levels correlated with chronic stress and reduced mental alertness, particularly among smokers. Conclusion: Smokers demonstrated heightened cortisol levels, indicative of a chronic stress state and compromised mental health. In contrast, non-smokers showed lower cortisol levels and better mental health status. These findings highlight the role of cortisol as a stress biomarker and underscore the need for targeted smoking cessation interventions to mitigate stress and its mental health consequences. Future research should explore socioeconomic factors, alternative stress-coping mechanisms and longitudinal impacts of smoking on cortisol regulation.

Objectives: This study investigates the association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) and abortion in 150 women using diagnostic methods (ELISA and Real-time PCR targeting the Ul55 gene). The research reveals a CMV prevalence of 13.53%, with significant correlations between CMV infection and sexually transmitted diseases, multiple sexual partners, recurrent miscarriages and headache/fever. Sensitivity and specificity for IgG in detecting CMV infection were 100% and 6.12%, while for IgM, they were 78.26% and 100%, respectively. The optimal cut- points for IgG and IgM were identified at 145.65 mg/dL and 4.5 mg/dL, demonstrating sensitivities of 65% and 96%, specificities of 25% and 95% and AUCs of 0.45 and 0.95, respectively. Real Time PCR, the gold standard for pathogen detection, outperforms ELISA as a screening test for CMV infections, especially in detecting IgG. This study underscores the significance of molecular methods, recommending their stronger and faster application for effective cytomegalovirus detection.

Background: Tobacco use harms every organ in your body. Smoking tobacco introduces not only nicotine but also more than 5000 chemicals inducing numerous carcinogens (cancer - causing chemicals) into your lungs blood and organs. For the tribals of Tamil Nadu, tobacco is a part of their culture and practice. They live in the outskirts of towns and their accessibility to proper health education becomes difficult. They need a deeper understanding on tobacco effects. Aim: To conduct a qualitative study on attitude towards smoking and quitting among smokers in tribal gypsies dwelling from Tamil Nadu. Methods: A total of 30 participants who were above 18 years were included in the study. They were divided into 3 categories namely primary school completion, Middle school completed and completed high shool or above. An in depth interview and focal group discussions for the smokers in the tribal gypsies was conducted with a guide and a moderator. The areas of the discussion include reach to start smoking , knowledge regarding COTPA and quitting attempts. Open ended questions were asked and the responses were sorted thematically for result analysis. Results: Most of the participants have started tobacco from childhood seeing family and friends. It has become a addiction into their lives without them even realising it. They continue to use it because of stress and believe that their community people should use tobacco as an identity. The participants dont get affected by anti tobacco commercials and they are confident enough that government will not take action against tobacco. Conclusion: The study concluded that all the participants lack awareness about the tobacco and need a proper tailored counselling on the ill effects of tobacco, nicotine replacement therapy with regular follow up. Strict laws has to be tailored for non smoking tobacco products as well instead of concentrating only on smoking tobacco products.

Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides are widely used to control pests in agriculture and households, but they come with serious health risks. These chemicals interfere with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, leading to a dangerous buildup of acetylcholine-a neurotransmitter that overstimulates the body’s nerves. This overstimulation causes symptoms ranging from excessive saliva, difficulty breathing and muscle weakness to confusion and even paralysis. OP poisoning tends to be more severe because it creates lasting enzyme disruptions, while carbamates have shorter, reversible effects. Recognizing the signs of poisoning quickly is critical for saving lives. Doctors often rely on clinical symptoms to start treatment immediately, administering atropine to control excessive secretions and pralidoxime to help restore normal enzyme function. Laboratory tests can confirm exposure but should not delay treatment. Managing OP and carbamate poisoning involves stabilizing the patient’s breathing and heart function, thoroughly cleaning any exposed skin and closely monitoring their progress. This review highlights the importance of safer pest control practices, such as integrated pest management, to reduce dependence on toxic chemicals. Public education about the dangers of improper pesticide use is essential, especially in communities where these chemicals are widely available. Continued research into better antidotes and diagnostic tools offers hope for improving outcomes and reducing the devastating impact of these poisonings on human health and the environment.

Food adulteration, the deliberate contamination or substitution of food products with inferior or harmful substances for economic gain, has become a pressing global concern with profound implications for public health. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the various forms of food adulteration, its widespread prevalence, and the significant health risks it poses to consumers. Adulteration affects a broad spectrum of food items, including cereals, spices, oils, dairy products, and beverages. The consumption of adulterated foods presents immediate dangers such as acute poisoning, as well as long-term health repercussions. Toxic substances like heavy metals, pesticides, and microbial contaminants are known to trigger gastrointestinal disorders, neurological damage, and, in some cases, fatal outcomes. Chronic exposure to contaminated food increases the likelihood of developing non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and cancer. To mitigate this growing threat, it is imperative to strengthen regulatory frameworks, implement robust testing protocols, and enforce stringent penalties for offenders. Public awareness initiatives and educational programs play a pivotal role in empowering consumers to make informed choices and advocate for greater transparency in the food supply chain. In conclusion, food adulteration represents a substantial public health risk by compromising both the safety and nutritional integrity of the food consumed. This study employs a quantitative research approach, gathering data from 222 respondents in Chennai, complemented by a chronological review of existing literature on the subject.

Objectives: This research intends to identify and analyse barriers such as lack of awareness, limited access to services and low priority to oral health which hinder the usage of oral health care among special children in the Kanchipuram District. Through the assessment of the unmet oral health needs, to create a comprehensive oral health profile for these disabilities by finding the dental caries experience, oral hygiene status, periodontal status, prevalence of malocclusion and providing a detailed understanding of their oral health status and help in improving their oral health outcomes. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for 411 disabled children. The people were gathered into the mentally, physically, visually and hearing impaired. Clinical assessment was recorded utilizing by the OHIS index, dft/DMFT index, WHO 1997, DAI index and the unmet treatment needs are also assessed. The chi-square test and ANOVA were employed to identify the significant (p<0.05) variation in the oral status. Results: Out of 411 participants, 68.9% had dental caries. It was seen that the pervasiveness of decay was high in the mentally restrained (31.6%) and least in the hearing impaired (27.3%). The oral hygiene status was good in 21.4%, fair in 37.7% and poor in 40.8% of the research populace. Conclusions: Among the disabled children, there was a complete disregard for dental health. When compared with hearing and orthopedically physically challenged, the mentally and visually impaired persons had much worse oral health outcomes. So, enhancing access to dental services and oral health education is imperative.

Objectives: This study aims to describe the clinical presentations and management of patients with ureteric colic attending the emergency department. Methods: A retrospective chart review at King Abdulaziz Hospital analyzed medical records from 2018 to 2022, focusing on adult patients aged 18-80, presenting to the emergency department with a confirmed diagnosis of ureteric stones. Patients with incomplete records or unverified diagnoses were excluded. The results of patients were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: This study involved 221 patients with ureteric colic, with a mean age of 44.9 ± 12.6 years and a majority of males (77.7%); most of the patients presented in the summer season (n = 133, 60.2%). About 47.5% (n = 105) of them had a history of urolithiasis, and 21.3% (n = 47) had a positive family history of urolithiasis. The most common symptoms and signs were fluctuating pain (n = 170, 76.9%), pain localized to the side, back, or below the ribs (n = 161, 72.9%), Nausea/vomiting (n = 114, 51.6%), dysuria (n = 100, 45.2%). Over half of the 117 patients (52.9%), reported severe pain as measured by the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). In older patients, the presence of hematuria, pyuria, and stones located in the lower and middle ureter were associated with increased pain severity. The majority of patients (99.1%) received analgesics, while 71.0% (n=157) underwent medical explosive therapy (MET). The invasive procedures showed that about 67.9% (n = 150) required double-J stent insertion, and 32.1% (n = 71) of them had ureteroscopy (URS). More than half of the patients were discharged on the same day of attending the emergency department (n = 122, 55.2%). Most patients improved by the given treatment (n = 192, 87.3%), while few of them had some complications. Conclusion: The majority of patients with ureteric colic were effectively managed through conservative treatment, with significant improvement. Timely intervention using minimally invasive techniques led to positive outcomes and shorter hospital stays.

Objectives: Dental caries, characterized by white spot lesions (WSLs), impact approximately 49% of the population and can progress to irreversible damage if untreated. Fluoridated remineralizing agents have traditionally been the standard treatment due to their efficacy in surface remineralization. However, concerns over fluoride toxicity, including risks of dental and skeletal fluorosis, have spurred interest in non-fluoridated alternatives. This systematic review evaluates the remineralizing potential of fluoridated versus non-fluoridated agents for early enamel carious lesions in permanent teeth, focusing on clinical outcomes and patient safety. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, randomized clinical trials were identified through comprehensive searches in databases such as Medline, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus. Inclusion criteria targeted interventions for WSLs in permanent teeth, assessing their effectiveness using DIAGNOdent scores. Studies involving diverse patient demographics, lesion severities and fluoride exposure risks were emphasized. Results: Six randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Both fluoridated and non-fluoridated agents demonstrated significant efficacy in remineralization. Fluoridated agents excelled in surface lesion repair, while non-fluoridated options, such as casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), showed superior performance in subsurface lesion remineralization, addressing fluoride-related safety concerns. However, variability in study methodologies and short-term follow-up limited comprehensive conclusions. Conclusion: Fluoridated agents remain effective for surface remineralization, but non-fluoridated alternatives offer promising solutions for deeper lesion repair and fluoride-free treatments. Long-term, standardized studies are needed to establish sustainable outcomes, enhance cost-effectiveness and guide patient-centric treatment protocols. These findings underscore the need for integrating remineralization strategies into preventive dentistry, balancing clinical efficacy with patient safety and preferences.

Objectives: Dental cavities are a prevalent issue that, if untreated, can escalate into severe complications. Minimally invasive treatments, such as fissure sealants, have been developed to prevent early-stage cavities from progressing. Traditional sealants, however, often fail due to moisture contamination during application. To address this, hydrophilic sealants were designed to perform effectively in moist environments. A critical determinant of their success is the ability to create a durable, tight seal along the edges. Methods: This study used 20 extracted, caries-free, sound molars, randomly divided into two groups: Group I (hydrophilic sealants) and Group II (flowable composites). Tooth sectioning was performed mesiodistally using a low-speed diamond cutting blade. The specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue solution at room temperature for 24 hours to assess dye penetration and the microleakage was evaluated using a stereomicroscope following Ovrebo and Raadal guidelines (1990). Results: Hydrophilic sealants demonstrated superior performance in microleakage prevention, with a significantly higher number of samples scoring zero for dye penetration compared to flowable composites. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test (p<0.05) confirmed that Group I exhibited less dye penetration, highlighting the enhanced sealing ability of hydrophilic sealants. Conclusion: Hydrophilic sealants exhibit better sealing efficacy and reduced microleakage compared to flowable composites, particularly under moist conditions. Their superior penetration and adaptability make them a promising option for long-lasting dental restorations. Future research should focus on larger sample sizes, long-term clinical performance and optimizing application techniques for diverse clinical scenarios.

Objectives: Bell's palsy (BP) is an acute, unilateral facial nerve paralysis that can lead to significant facial muscle dysfunction and considerable impact on quality of life. Standard treatment includes corticosteroids and antiviral medications, but some patients experience incomplete recovery. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been proposed as a complementary treatment due to its neuroregenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. Case Presentation: A healthy 31-year-old male presented with acute right-sided facial pain, numbness and muscle weakness, consistent with BP (Grade IV House-Brackmann classification). Diagnostic evaluations, including magnetic resonance imaging and electroneuromyography (ENMG), confirmed the diagnosis. Initial treatment involved prednisone and vitamin B complexes. The patient then underwent HBOT (2.5 ATA, 80 minutes daily, over 18 sessions). Significant clinical improvements were observed following HBOT, with recovery in facial muscle function and reduction of symptoms. Follow-up ENMG showed restoration of nerve conduction. At a 12-month evaluation, the patient achieved near-complete recovery, classified as Grade I on the House-Brackmann scale. Conclusion: This case highlights the potential benefits of integrating HBOT with conventional therapy for BP, suggesting its role in enhancing neuroregeneration and accelerating recovery. Beyond individual outcomes, this case underscores the broader implications of utilising HBOT as an adjunct in conditions with acute nerve injury. Although limited by a paucity of high-quality evidence, HBOT holds promise as a valuable addition to BP management, particularly in cases where conventional treatment yields suboptimal results. These findings warrant further clinical trials to establish its efficacy, optimise protocols and ensure cost-effectiveness for broader implementation.

Objectives: Oral health refers to the condition of the mouth and its various components, including the teeth, gums, tongue and other oral tissues. It encompasses the absence of diseases or disorders in the oral cavity and the overall well-being of these structures. Tribals of Tamil Nadu have very limited access to dental care and has an immediate need to be studied. Therefore the aim was the present study was to assess the oral health status, dental caries experience and oral hygiene habits of the Irula tribal children in the Gudalur area and to improve the oral hygiene habits and oral hygiene status by giving health intervention and education. Methods: This interventional trial was conducted in the Gudalur tribal area of Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu, between June and August 2023. The study involved 110 students from three randomly selected high schools. Children from grades 8 to 10 were chosen . Baseline data was collected using a pre-validated questionnaire covering oral hygiene habits and dental exams were conducted by a qualified dentist using the WHO oral health survey method. The DMF and OHI-S indices were used to assess dental health and oral hygiene. After three months, the same dentist re-examined the students and changes in the DMFT and OHI-S scores were analyzed. Data was analyzed using SPSS software, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: Boys constituted 68.56% of the participants, while girls constituted 31.44%. Brush and paste were used by almost 85.65% of students to clean their teeth, while 7.35% used finger-toothpowder. Some used neem sticks, masheri, or fingers for teeth cleaning. Additionally, 85.25% of students brushed their teeth once daily, while only 14.75% brushed twice a day. Oral hygiene status signficantly improved after the health intervention. Conclusion: It is evident that tribal students require improved oral health practices, as highlighted by the study. Toothache emerged as the most common oral health problem among them, emphasizing the necessity of preventive measures and regular dental check-ups. 

Calotropis procera, a plant belonging to the Asclepiadaceae family, with significant therapeutic potential. Indigenous to the arid regions of India, Africa, and China, Calotropis procera is recognized for its diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. This review focuses on the anticancer potential of Calotropis procera, highlighting its relevance in traditional medicine and its emerging role in modern therapeutic applications. Despite its promising medicinal value, Calotropis procera is also associated with toxicity, particularly its immunomodulatory effects, which can lead to severe conditions, such as delayed-type hypersensitivity and rheumatoid arthritis, if not managed properly. Plant taxonomy, widespread geographical distribution, and botanical characteristics are outlined, emphasizing its adaptability to various environments. Additionally, the traditional uses and folklore surrounding Calotropis procera are explored, illustrating its historical significance in treating ailments such as snake bites gynecological disorders and as a component in ritualistic practices. However, the potential risks associated with its use underscore the importance of careful application in therapeutic context. This review consolidates the existing knowledge on Calotropis procera, providing a foundation for further research into its mechanisms of action and potential as a pharmaceutical-grade treatment for cancer.

Objectives: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a vital emergency procedure performed in sudden cardiac arrest victims to return spontaneous circulation and intact brain function. In emergencies, schools’ teachers and kindergarten staff are expected to play a significant role in performing CPR on children. This study aims to assess the knowledge of pediatric CPR guidelines among childhood studies students at three major universities in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using an 11-statement questionnaire about CPR guidelines knowledge created by authors that was administered to childhood studies students in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, including King Abdulaziz University-Jeddah, Umm Al-Qura University- Makkah and Taif University in Al-Taif. Results: 247 students included, only 27% had attended CPR course while the remaining did not. Information about CPR was mainly from social media (45%), followed by their college (33%). 2% of those who attended a CPR Course admit that they do not know how to perform it, while 23% didn't participate in a CPR course saying they could perform it. The majority of both groups had poor CPR guidelines knowledge, with only 30- 40% with acceptable knowledge. There was a nonsignificant statistical difference between certified participants and who claim the ability to perform CPR. Conclusion: This study has revealed that most childhood study students do not have adequate knowledge about CPR. A CPR license should be a requirement for graduation and employment. It also demonstrated that the impact of social media was nonnegligible in the group of study.

Objectives: Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic condition that, if left untreated, can result in severe oral health consequences, including pain, infection and tooth loss. Micro-invasive treatments for dental caries, such as fissure sealants, are effective in arresting incipient caries in pits and fissures. However, conventional sealants face challenges such as technique sensitivity and failure under moisture contamination. Hydrophilic sealants were introduced to address these limitations, offering better adaptability in moist environments. Marginal sealing is a critical factor in determining the longevity and success of restorative treatments. Methods: The study utilized 20 extracted sound molar teeth free from caries and developmental defects. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of 10 each: Group I (Ultra-seal XT Hydro hydrophilic sealants) and Group II (Flowable composite). Mesiodistal sectioning was performed using a low-speed diamond cutting blade and the sections were immersed in 0.1% rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye at 37°C for 24 hours. Dye penetration was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microleakage was evaluated following Ovrebo and Raadal guidelines (1990). Results: Group I (hydrophilic sealants) exhibited significantly less dye penetration compared to Group II (flowable composites), as determined by the Mann-Whitney U test (p = 0.041). The results indicated that hydrophilic sealants demonstrated superior marginal sealing, reducing microleakage more effectively than flowable composites. Conclusion: Hydrophilic sealants showed better performance in preventing microleakage than flowable composites, particularly in moisture-prone conditions. These findings suggest that hydrophilic sealants are a valuable choice for enhancing the longevity and effectiveness of restorative treatments, with potential implications for improving clinical protocols and patient outcomes. Future research should explore the long-term durability, cost-effectiveness and real-world applications of these materials.

Background: Clearly, mental health is a crucial aspect of physical health. It is a necessary component of having the ability to live a happy and full life. Psychological abuse as a form of child maltreatment can have a serious effect on mental health. The main objectives of the study were to assess the level of childhood maltreatment and looked at how psychological and physical maltreatment affected the mental health of Iraqi adolescents. in order to achieve the objectives of the study. Methods: A predictive correlation design was used in current study carried during January-August 2024One hundred adolescents (13-16 years; 50 males, 50 females) were recruited by convenience sample method and interviewed by using the Child Maltreatment scale, possible psychiatric diagnosis and current psychological and behavioral problems using the Mental Health Inventory, Content validity: was presented to a panel of 10 experts of psychologists in some hospitals and some faculty members at the University of Baghdad. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression, Chi square were used to analyze data. Results: The results revealed less than half of the sample experiencing low level of parental childhood abuse (41%) which is the high percentage and 38% are exposed to moderate level and two third experiencing fair mental health problems. Also parental childhood abuse no significantly predicted with mental health variables. The results show that there is a need for stronger defenses against childhood maltreatment. Conclusions: Gaining better psychological health always pays off because it enhances all facets of one's life. The findings emphasize the necessity of routinely screening child workers for mental health issues and the importance of taking emotional abuse into account in all preventive measures taken to stop child maltreatment as well as in efforts made to treat it to decrease its detrimental effects on both present and future mental health.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic common illness leading to various complications, significantly impacting health outcomes and the quality of life of affected individuals. In Saudi Arabia's Northern Border Region, understanding the awareness of diabetes-related complications among patients is critical for effective health management and educational outreach. Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of awareness regarding diabetic complications among diabetes patients in the Northern Border region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed, utilizing convenience sampling to select 385 participants from the Northern Border region. Data were collected through a self-administered online questionnaire, which included demographic information and questions regarding diabetes knowledge. Statistical analysis involves descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings revealed a diverse demographic; most participants were Saudi nationals (355, 92.2%), predominantly male (247, 64.2%) and largely educated (300, 77.9% with university degrees). A significant portion (262, 68.1%) had diabetes for 1 to 5 years. Awareness levels varied: while 304 (79.0%) recognized the risk of blindness due to retinopathy and 296 (76.9%) understood the potential for kidney failure, only 234 (60.8%) were aware of diabetes-related stroke risks. Notably, 270 (70.1%) of participants displayed sufficient knowledge of diabetic complications, yet 294 (76.4%) indicated a lack of adequate educational resources. Conclusion: The study highlights a commendable degree of knowledge about diabetes complications among patients in the Northern Border region. However, significant gaps remain, particularly concerning specific complications like skin disease and recurrent infections. The correlation between awareness and age suggests a need for targeted educational initiatives to enhance understanding, especially among older patients.

Objectives: Cigarette smoking significantly impacts sleep quality by altering neurochemical pathways. Nicotine, an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, stimulates the release of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, which can hinder the initiation and maintenance of sleep. This study focuses on the kynurenine pathway, where nicotine-induced Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) activity leads to elevated levels of neurotoxic metabolites, such as quinolinic acid, that impair sleep quality in smokers. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 260 participants, equally divided into smokers and non-smokers, with informed consent obtained from all participants. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), covering parameters such as sleep latency, duration and disturbances. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed via ELISA to measure KMO biomarker levels. Statistical analyses, including Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney U tests, were employed to examine the relationship between KMO levels and sleep quality while acknowledging the limitations of self-reported data and potential confounders. Results: KMO levels were significantly higher in smokers (1.03±0.13) compared to non-smokers (0.95±0.09). Overall, 57.31% of participants reported good sleep, while 42.69% experienced poor sleep. Among smokers, 32.31% experienced poor sleep and only 17.69% had good sleep. Conversely, 39.62% of non-smokers reported good sleep, while 10.38% experienced poor sleep. Statistical analysis confirmed the association between smoking and disturbed sleep quality, though subgroup analyses by smoking intensity were not explored. Conclusion: The study confirms that smokers exhibit higher KMO levels and poorer sleep quality compared to non-smokers. These findings highlight the potential of targeting KMO levels as a therapeutic approach to mitigate sleep disturbances in smokers. Future research should explore pharmacological and behavioral interventions, while addressing broader public health implications and improving study methodologies.